美國第一位作家JohnSmith最重要的作品,美國作家有哪些及作品

美國文學(xué)分為哪幾個(gè)階段？

6個(gè)階段。

1、第一階段：殖民時(shí)期（約1607-1765）

這一時(shí)期大約從1607年JohnSmith船長帶領(lǐng)第一批移民在北美大陸建立第一個(gè)英國殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人們憤怒抗議英國政府頒布的印花稅法。

2、第二階段：?jiǎn)⒚蓵r(shí)期與獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期（1765-18世紀(jì)末）

這是北美人民爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立、建立美利堅(jiān)和中和國的時(shí)期。18世紀(jì)30年代，在歐洲啟蒙主義和自然神論等哲學(xué)思潮的影響下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒們掀起一場(chǎng)“大覺醒”運(yùn)動(dòng)。

18世紀(jì)末期，北美大陸的政治形勢(shì)發(fā)展很快，從1765年英國殖民者第一次反對(duì)英國政府的印花稅到1789年美國聯(lián)邦政府成立，文學(xué)作品主要圍繞著革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式與性質(zhì)等問題。

3、浪漫主義時(shí)期（1800-1865）

19世紀(jì)初，美國完全擺脫了對(duì)英國的依賴，以獨(dú)立國家的身份進(jìn)入世界政治舞臺(tái)。民族文學(xué)開始全面繁榮，逐漸打破英國文學(xué)在美國的壟斷局面。

這時(shí)期作家們跟英國浪漫主義作家一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)文學(xué)的想象力和感情色彩，反對(duì)古典主義的形式和觀點(diǎn)，歌頌大自然，崇尚個(gè)人和普通人的思想感情，并且尋根問祖，發(fā)幽古之思情。特別是以愛默生為代表的超驗(yàn)主義（Transcendentalism）的倡導(dǎo), 這些作家們主張人能超越感覺和理性而直接認(rèn)識(shí)真理，摒棄以神為中心的清教教義。

4、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期（1865-1918）

南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，美國完成了從農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)到工業(yè)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)化，社會(huì)面貌和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活開始發(fā)生急劇的變化。工業(yè)化帶來了蓬勃興旺的發(fā)展，同時(shí)也帶來了政治日趨腐敗，政界丑聞屢見不鮮，是人們重新認(rèn)識(shí)新的生活和新開發(fā)的土地。于是鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué)得到了很大的發(fā)展。

5、現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期（1918-1945）

自20世紀(jì)開始，美國文學(xué)進(jìn)入新的時(shí)代。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)對(duì)美國人的思想和精神面貌產(chǎn)生極大的影響。人們對(duì)于自由民主的信念開始動(dòng)搖，普遍感到迷茫，甚至絕望。他們不再把希望寄托在未來，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)“只爭(zhēng)朝夕”，“及時(shí)行樂”。

這個(gè)階段是美國文學(xué)的第二次文藝復(fù)興，大繁榮時(shí)期，大量作品涌現(xiàn)而出，作家們一心尋求能否反映社會(huì)分崩離析和道德淪喪的手法技。詩歌上也有很大突破。

6、當(dāng)代文學(xué)（1945-）

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，在美國作家的眼里，歷來向往的“美國夢(mèng)”變成了夢(mèng)魘；民主的理想、個(gè)人的追求、宗教的信仰不復(fù)存在。傳統(tǒng)的道德觀念、價(jià)值體系失去了作用；現(xiàn)代人和歷史失去聯(lián)系；沒有前途和未來，又無法與他人溝通思想感情，只能永遠(yuǎn)在孤獨(dú)異化的困境之中。

這一切反映在文學(xué)上，產(chǎn)生了50年代排斥一切文化和價(jià)值觀念的“垮掉的一代”（theBeat Generation）作家。60年代后，無論小說還是是個(gè)都以人的異化為主題，用夸張的手法、荒唐可笑的情節(jié)表現(xiàn)人的困境?！昂谏哪保˙lackHumor）、“荒誕派戲劇”（Theatreof the Absurd）等流派相繼出現(xiàn)。

參考資料來源：百度百科-美國文學(xué)

john smith的英文簡(jiǎn)介

John Smith (died 1809) was a professor at Dartmouth College and the author of the first unpointed Hebrew grammar book published in the United States.

Smith was born in Byfield, Massachusetts. After graduating from Dartmouth, he moved to West Hartford, Connecticut, and became a pastor. In 1777, he returned to Dartmouth as a professor in of English, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Aramaic.

Smith arrived in Hanover in 1771 after graduating from Byefield Academy where he had studied under the classical scholar Samuel Moody. He was admitted to the junior class and graduated in 1773. He then studied divinity under Dartmouth President Eleazar Wheelock while serving as tutor in ancient languages for the freshman and sophomore classes. In 1776 he was granted the degree of Master of Arts. He was then appointed Dartmouth's first professor in November 1777. The agreement between Eleazar Wheelock and John Smith was written in November 1777 and amended by Dartmouth's Trustees in August 1778.

From his early interest in Greek and Latin, he soon proceeded to master Hebrew, Chaldaic, Arabic and other oriental languages. In 1780 he also prepared an interesting set of lectures on Natural Philosophy covering Newtonian astronomy and earth science, in which he speculated on the possibility of multiple peopled worlds and the origin of the Indians. These lectures seem to have stimulated his students Solomon Spaulding and Ethan Smith to further speculate on the later subject.

In 1779 Smith also was appointed college librarian. After the death of Professor of Divinity Sylvanus Ripley in 1787, he absorbed Ripley's duties. In 1788 Smith was also appointed to the Board of Trustees. He also was pastor of the College Church and led the daily chapel sessions.

In the late 1790s and early 19th century he prepared a remarkable set of theological lectures that covered various aspects of the details of his Armininan (free will), non Calvinist thinking. All of his published grammars and unpublished lectures and grammars can be found in the Rauner Special collections library at Dartmouth.

His theological work was so appreciated by the Freewill Baptists at Brown that he was granted a Doctor of Divinity degree in 1803. He was in the final stages of preparing his theology lectures for publication in 1809 when he died. His work generally anticipated the efforts of Joseph Smith's development of Mormon doctrine.

Smith died from tuberculosis in 1809.

美國的第一個(gè)作家是誰？作品是啥、？

美國作家哈特

(1836—1902)

．他當(dāng)過小學(xué)教師、淘金工人、排字工人和新聞?dòng)浾撸?868

年,

他的幽默小說代表作、短篇小說《咆哮營的幸運(yùn)兒》的正式發(fā)表,